There are numerous other symbols and symbolic artefacts, both official and unofficial, including the thistle, the nation's floral emblem (celebrated in the song, The Thistle o' Scotland), the Declaration of Arbroath, incorporating a statement of political independence made on 6 April 1320, the textile pattern tartan that often signifies a particular Scottish clan and the royal Lion Rampant flag. Roughly a third of the clergy, mainly from the North and Highlands, formed the separate Free Church of Scotland. [158][159], The flora of the country is varied incorporating both deciduous and coniferous woodland as well as moorland and tundra species. The threat of the Jacobite movement to the United Kingdom and its monarchs effectively ended at the Battle of Culloden, Great Britain's last pitched battle. Alongside the deputy first minister's requirements as Deputy, the minister also has a cabinet ministerial responsibility. Additional routes are operated by local authorities. [101] The University of St Andrews pioneered the admission of women to Scottish universities. Awards in recognition of Scottish musical talent in Scotland include the Scottish Music Awards, Scottish Album of the Year Award, the Scots Trad Music Awards and the BBC Radio Scotland Young Traditional Musician award. Edinburgh Airport is currently Scotland's busiest airport handling over 13 million passengers in 2017. [44]:44 The Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots was forced to abdicate in 1567. [131] More powers, particularly in relation to taxation, were devolved to the Scottish Parliament after the referendum, following cross-party talks in the Smith Commission. [281], In 2008, the NHS in Scotland had around 158,000 staff including more than 47,500 nurses, midwives and health visitors and over 3,800 consultants. See Spaven, Malcolm (1983). The current Cabinet Secretary for Health and Sport is Jeane Freeman[280] and the Director-General (DG) Health and chief executive, NHS Scotland is Caroline Lamb. How people reacted to John Logie Baird's creation 90 years ago", "Newspapers and National Identity in Scotland", "Great Scottish Movies – Scotland is Now", "Disney Pixar's Brave – Locations & Setting", "Scotland braces for 'Netflix effect' as TV film about Robert the Bruce is launched", "BBC Studios – Scripted – Continuing Drama – River City", "BBC – Two Doors Down comes calling again with series four – Media Centre", "Lesley Fitz-Simons: Scottish actress known for her role in Take the High Road", "The colourful history of a fascinating game. [42]:10 During the first millennium BC, the society changed dramatically to a chiefdom model, as consolidation of settlement led to the concentration of wealth and underground stores of surplus food. Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. The territorial extent of Scotland is generally that established by the 1237 Treaty of York between Scotland and the Kingdom of England[134] and the 1266 Treaty of Perth between Scotland and Norway. [300], The value of the Scottish banknotes in circulation in 2013 was £3.8 billion, underwritten by the Bank of England using funds deposited by each clearing bank, under the Banking Act 2009, in order to cover the total value of such notes in circulation. Philip Freeman has speculated on the likelihood of a group of raiders adopting a name from an Indo-European root, *skot, citing the parallel in Greek skotos (σκότος), meaning "darkness, gloom". [29], Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland. The Southern Uplands are essentially rural in nature and dominated by agriculture and forestry. [126] The Scottish Parliament was reconvened in Edinburgh on 4 July 1999. There are fifteen Scottish universities, some of which are amongst the oldest in the world. There’s The Three Kings, a new documentary telling the story of three iconic football mangers. The Scottish Government also comprises the deputy first minister, currently John Swinney MSP, who deputises for the first minister during a period of absence of overseas visits. [260][261][262] Because constitutional affairs are reserved matters under the Scotland Act, the Scottish Parliament would again have to be granted temporary additional powers under Section 30 in order to hold a legally binding vote. [66] In 1698, the Company of Scotland attempted a project to secure a trading colony on the Isthmus of Panama. Sign in to see videos available to you. [47], Beginning in the sixth century, the area that is now Scotland was divided into three areas: Pictland, a patchwork of small lordships in central Scotland;[42]:25–26 the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria, which had conquered southeastern Scotland;[42]:18–20 and Dál Riata, founded by settlers from Ireland, bringing Gaelic language and culture with them. [277] The Cabinet Secretary for Justice is responsible for the Scottish Prison Service within the Scottish Government. These social and economic changes included the first phase of the Highland Clearances and, ultimately, the demise of clanship. [184][185] In Canada, the Scottish-Canadian community accounts for 4.7 million people. [214] The next general election is scheduled for 2 May 2024. Some teams use playing cards (Ace, Deuce, Kings) while others use identifiers (Pro, Trips, Quads).The most common, and the terms which will be employed by this site, are numerical identifiers: 00, 11, and so on. [265], Modern Scotland is subdivided in various ways depending on the purpose. [195] The Church operates a territorial parish structure, with every community in Scotland having a local congregation. The new government established a "National Conversation" on constitutional issues, proposing a number of options such as increasing the powers of the Scottish Parliament, federalism, or a referendum on Scottish independence from the United Kingdom. The Greater Glasgow conurbation, with a population of almost 1.2 million, is home to nearly a quarter of Scotland's population. Paste Music is home to the world's largest live-music archive, covering everything from rock and jazz to hip hop, country and pop. Scotland's Scapa Flow was the main base for the Royal Navy in the 20th century. [180] The number of Gaelic speakers in Scotland dropped from 250,000 in 1881 to 60,000 in 2008. [63]:37–40 In 1641 and again in 1643 the Parliament of Scotland unsuccessfully sought a union with England which was "federative" and not "incorporating", in which Scotland would retain a separate parliament. Three great people. Indeed, some acts considered crimes in England and Wales, such as forgery, are not so in Scotland. Women were especially active in building neighbourhood solidarity on housing issues. In 2006, as a result of the Delivering Security in a Changing World white paper, the Scottish infantry regiments in the Scottish Division were amalgamated to form the Royal Regiment of Scotland. [409] It is also the UK's 6th busiest airport. The highest temperature recorded was 32.9 Â°C (91.2 Â°F) at Greycrook, Scottish Borders on 9 August 2003. [229] Scotland and France do, however, continue to have a special relationship, with a Statement of Intent being signed in 2013 which committed both Scotland and France to building on shared history, friendship, co-operation between governments and cultural exchange programmes. [297] This left a legacy in the diversity of goods and services which Scotland produces, from textiles, whisky and shortbread to jet engines, buses, computer software, ships, avionics and microelectronics, as well as banking, insurance, investment management and other related financial services. [61], With the exception of a short period under the Protectorate, Scotland remained a separate state in the 17th century, but there was considerable conflict between the crown and the Covenanters over the form of church government. War ensued, and John was deposed by Edward who took personal control of Scotland. Executive and legislative powers respectively have been devolved to the Scottish Government and the Scottish Parliament at Holyrood in Edinburgh since 1999. Scotland is also a member of the British–Irish Council,[34] sending five members of the Scottish Parliament to the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. [45] By the reign of the Roman emperor Trajan (r. 98–117), Roman control had lapsed to Britain south of a line between the River Tyne and the Solway Firth. These were gradually replaced by Justice of the Peace Courts from 2008 to 2010. [64] The issue of union split the parliament in 1648.[64]. At one point I wept and at the end was left starry eyed. [326] Based on the original data for EU statistical regions, all four Scottish regions ranked significantly above the European average for completion of tertiary-level education by 25- to 64-year-olds.[327]. [272] Prior to 1611, there were several regional law systems in Scotland, most notably Udal law in Orkney and Shetland, based on old Norse law. Real wages, adjusted for inflation, rose 25% and unemployment temporarily vanished. "Schools and schooling" in M. Lynch (ed.). The country they ruled experienced greater prosperity from the end of the 14th century through the Scottish Renaissance to the Reformation,[56]:93 despite the effects of the Black Death in 1349[55]:76 and increasing division between Highlands and Lowlands. [400] In 1764, the standard 18-hole golf course was created at St Andrews when members modified the course from 22 to 18 holes. [45], To the Roman historians Tacitus and Cassius Dio, the Scottish Highlands and the area north of the River Forth was called Caledonia. However, even prior to 1948, half of Scotland's landmass was already covered by state-funded health care, provided by the Highlands and Islands Medical Service. However, the "Reds" operated within the Labour Party and had little influence in Parliament and the mood changed to passive despair by the late 1920s. The East Coast and West Coast main railway lines connect the major cities and towns of Scotland with each other and with the rail network in England. [145], The west of Scotland is usually warmer than the east, owing to the influence of Atlantic ocean currents and the colder surface temperatures of the North Sea. [144] Winter maxima average 6 Â°C (43 Â°F) in the Lowlands, with summer maxima averaging 18 Â°C (64 Â°F). [206], The Scottish Parliament is a unicameral legislature with 129 members (MSPs): 73 of them represent individual constituencies and are elected on a first-past-the-post system; the other 56 are elected in eight different electoral regions by the additional member system. [240] During the same engagement, Sturgeon became the first head of government to address the Seanad Éireann, the upper house of the Oireachtas (the Irish parliament). [120] Only in recent decades has the country enjoyed something of a cultural and economic renaissance. Scotland hosts several music festivals including Celtic Connections (Glasgow), and the Hebridean Celtic Festival (Stornoway). A small number of students at certain private, independent schools may follow the English system and study towards GCSEs and A and AS-Levels instead.[316]. Three Kings, the incredible story of how three men born in the central lowlands of Scotland within 30 miles of each other, grew up to become lifelong friends and three of the most influential men in football … [51]:38 The domination of Gaelic was diminished during the reign of David I (1124–53), during which many English-speaking colonists settled in Scotland. Travelling or based outside United Kingdom? The successful Roman invasion of Caledonia 208–210 was undertaken by emperors of the imperial Severan dynasty in response to the breaking of treaty by the Caledonians in 197,[45] but permanent conquest of the whole of Great Britain was forestalled by the death of the senior emperor Septimius Severus (r. 193–211) while on campaign at Eboracum (York), and the Caledonians were again in revolt in 210–211. The country also contains more than 790 islands,[24] principally in the archipelagos of the Hebrides and the Northern Isles. [169][170] Because of housing problems in Glasgow and Edinburgh, five new towns were designated between 1947 and 1966. Many of these sediments have economic significance for it is here that the coal and iron bearing rocks that fuelled Scotland's industrial revolution are found. [116] The shipyards and heavy engineering factories in Glasgow and Clydeside played a key part in the war effort, and suffered attacks from the Luftwaffe, enduring great destruction and loss of life. [199], The head of state of the United Kingdom is the monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952). [37] The Late Latin word Scotia ("land of the Gaels") was initially used to refer to Ireland,[38] and likewise in early Old English Scotland was used for Ireland. This was founded by the National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1947 (later repealed by the National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1978) that took effect on 5 July 1948 to coincide with the launch of the NHS in England and Wales. Decisions are made by councillors who are elected at local elections every five years. [45] Forts erected by Roman army of the Severan campaign were placed near those established by Agricola and were clustered at the mouths of the glens in the Highlands. In the Scottish Parliament, there are 73 constituencies and eight regions. Other Christian denominations in Scotland include the Free Church of Scotland, and various other Presbyterian offshoots. [42]:29–30, In the ninth century, the Norse threat allowed a Gael named Cináed mac Ailpín (Kenneth I) to seize power over Pictland, establishing a royal dynasty to which the modern monarchs trace their lineage, and marking the beginning of the end of Pictish culture. [291], Whisky is one of Scotland's more known goods of economic activity. The despair reflected what Finlay (1994) describes as a widespread sense of hopelessness that prepared local business and political leaders to accept a new orthodoxy of centralised government economic planning when it arrived during the Second World War. Scotland and France sealed a treaty on 23 October 1295, known as the Auld Alliance. [45] According to Cassius Dio, the inhabitants of Caledonia were the Caledonians and the Maeatae. This area has also experienced intense volcanism, Arthur's Seat in Edinburgh being the remnant of a once much larger volcano. [64] The failure of the Darien Scheme bankrupted the landowners who had invested, though not the burghs. [210], In the 2016 election, the Scottish National Party (SNP) won 63 of the 129 seats available. This ended with the advent of the Scottish Parliament in 1999, which legislates for Scotland. [48][49] The Roman influence on the southern part of the country was considerable, and they introduced Christianity to Scotland. [279] Healthcare policy and funding is the responsibility of the Scottish Government's Health Directorates. The interwar years were marked by economic stagnation in rural and urban areas, and high unemployment. Tiree, in the Inner Hebrides, is one of the sunniest places in the country: it had more than 300 hours of sunshine in May 1975. There are 49 sheriff courts throughout the country. In return for surrendering Scotland's nominal independence, John Balliol was pronounced king in 1292. [344] In the 20th century the Scottish Renaissance saw a surge of literary activity and attempts to reclaim the Scots language as a medium for serious literature. [217] Conservative MP Alister Jack has held the position since July 2019. Sport. Scotland has a literary heritage dating back to the early Middle Ages. Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 20 January 2021. [30] The continued existence of legal, educational, religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 incorporating union with England. Domestic rail services are operated by Abellio ScotRail. [197], There are an estimated 75,000 Muslims in Scotland (about 1.4% of the population),[193][198] and significant but smaller Jewish, Hindu and Sikh communities, especially in Glasgow. [44]:39 The Vikings began to raid Scotland in the eighth century. [236] To promote Scotland's interests and Scottish businesses in North America, there is a Scottish Affairs Office located in Washington, D.C. with the aim to promoting Scotland in both the United States and Canada. Other Scottish musicians include Shirley Manson, Paolo Nutini, Andy Stewart and Calvin Harris, all of whom have achieved considerable commercial success in international music markets[328] Shirley Manson performed at the 1999 opening of the Scottish Parliament concert at Princes Street Gardens with her band Garbage. [47] Along this line Trajan's successor Hadrian (r. 117–138) erected Hadrian's Wall in northern England[42]:12 and the Limes Britannicus became the northern border of the Roman Empire. [365], St Andrew's Day, 30 November, is the national day, although Burns' Night tends to be more widely observed, particularly outside Scotland. [99], Industrialisation, urbanisation and the Disruption of 1843 all undermined the tradition of parish schools. Irn-Bru is the most common Scottish carbonated soft drink, often described as "Scotland's other national drink" (after whisky). Sources from the Houston Police Department and Harris County District Attorney’s office each said that there are currently no open investigations or pending charges against Watson. [243], The Scottish National Party (SNP), which supports Scottish independence, was first elected to form the Scottish Government in 2007. [51]:48–49 The system of feudalism was consolidated, with both Anglo-Norman incomers and native Gaelic chieftains being granted land in exchange for serving the king. [303][304][305] Between 1960 and 1991, the Holy Loch was a base for the US fleet of Polaris ballistic missile submarines. Deep social, cultural, economic, and Higher Education by 43 colleges often described as the! 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